The foreclosure machinery that has forced millions of Americans out of their homes is beginning to seize up.
Evictions are expected to slow sharply, housing analysts said, as state and national law enforcement officials shine a light on questionable foreclosure methods revealed by three of the country’s biggest home lenders in the past two weeks.
Even lenders with no known problems are expected to approach defaulting homeowners more cautiously and look more aggressively for resolutions short of outright eviction.
In the near term, the change may produce paralysis and confusion.
If foreclosures were not properly done, families who bought the troubled homes could be vulnerable to claims by the former owners. And as more defaulting homeowners become aware of lenders’ problems, they are expected to challenge the proceedings against them.
Apparently alarmed about such a possibility, one of the major title insurance companies, Old Republic National Title, has sent a bulletin to agents saying that “until further notice” it would not insure title to properties foreclosed upon by GMAC Mortgage, the country’s fourth-largest home lender and one of the two big lenders at the center of the current controversy.
GMAC declined to comment, and Old Republic representatives did not return calls.
GMAC has acknowledged legal missteps in processing mortgages, and JPMorgan Chase has acknowledged the possibility of missteps. They and Bank of America have suspended all foreclosures in the 23 states where they need a court’s approval. Idaho is not among the states, because it does not require a judge’s approval on a foreclosure.
Attorneys general in half a dozen states are demanding action or opening investigations. The Treasury Department said Thursday that it was asking regulators to look into “these troubling developments.”
GMAC, Chase and Bank of America are in trouble because, overwhelmed with foreclosures, they tried to process them as quickly and cheaply as possible, defense lawyers say. The companies say they are reviewing their procedures to take care of any violations.
Chase services mortgages in Idaho that it acquired when it took over Washington Mutual Inc., which failed in 2008. Bank of America sells mortgages in Idaho, too; the bank has a mortgage office on West Overland Road in Boise.
The missteps stemmed from the affidavits the lenders file as they seek a quick or summary judgment in thousands of foreclosure cases. The affidavits state certain facts about the case, including the amount owed, which the signer indicates he has personal knowledge of. Without the affidavit, the lender would have to prove the facts at trial.
In depositions taken by lawyers for homeowners, executives of GMAC and Chase said they or their teams signed 10,000 or more affidavits and related documents a month. That did not give them time to review the cases.
Defense lawyers say the disclosures are symptomatic of the carelessness, if not outright fraud, that lenders have been exhibiting for years in their rush to file cases. Many necessary documents have disappeared, with defense lawyers saying the lenders often do not even have standing to foreclose.
“The way the plaintiffs’ lawyers have handled this has corrupted our legal system,” said Thomas Cox, a Maine lawyer whose deposition of a GMAC executive in June helped prompt the current disclosures. “They tried to manufacture foreclosures the way you’d manufacture cars, on an assembly line. It can’t be done that way.”
The federal government has been the majority owner of GMAC since supplying $17 billion to prevent the lender’s failure during the financial crisis.
Other lenders, including Citigroup and Wells Fargo, say their foreclosure procedures have been proper.